Kundalini ( kuṇḍalinī कुण्डलिनी ) Sanskrit, literally "coiled". In Indian yoga, a "corporeal energy" - an unconscious, instinctive or libidinal force or Shakti, envisioned either as a goddess or else as a sleeping serpent coiled at the base of the spine, hence a number of English renderings of the term such as 'serpent power'. Kundalini is considered a part of the subtle body along with chakras (energy centres) and nadis (channels). Each chakra is said to contain special characteristics . The overall concept has many points in common with Chinese acupuncture.
Yoga and Tantra propose that this energy may be "awakened" by such means as austerities, breath and other physical exercises, visualization and chanting. It may then rise up a subtle channel at the spine (called Sushumna ) to the head, bringing psychological illumination. Yogis tend to attempt this alone, Tantrics in couples, both usually under the instruction of a guru.
When Kundalini Shakti is conceived as a goddess, then, when it rises to the head, it unites itself with the Supreme Being (Lord Shiva). The aspirant becomes engrossed in deep meditation and infinite bliss.
According to Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda awakening of kundalini shows itself as "awakening of inner knowledge". Like every form of energy one must also learn to understand spiritual energy. In order to be able to integrate this spiritual energy, careful purification and strengthening of the body and nervous system are required beforehand. By trying to force results considerable psychic disturbances and at times even permanent mental damage can occur. A spiritual master who walked this path before is required to guide the aspirant. Often will be found that negative experiences occurred only when acting without appropriate guidance or ignoring advice.
Indian sources
A number of models of this esoteric subtle anatomy occur in the class of texts known as Āgamas or Tantras, a large body of scriptures, rejected by many orthodox brahmins. In early texts there are various systems of chakras and nadis, with varying connections between them. Over time a system of six or seven chakras up the spine was adopted by most schools. This particular system, which may have originated in about the 11th century AD, rapidly became widely popular. This is the conventional arrangement cited by Monier-Williams, where the chakras are defined as "6 in number, one above the other".
The most famous of the Yoga Upanishads, the Yogatattva , mentions four kinds of yoga, one of which, laya-yoga , involves Kundalini. Another source text for the concept is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika written by Swami Svatmarama .
Western interpretation
Sir John Woodroffe (pen name Arthur Avalon) was one of the first to bring the notion of Kundalini to the West. A High Court Judge in Calcutta, he became interested in Shaktism and Hindu Tantra. His translation of and commentary on two key texts was published as The Serpent Power . Woodroffe rendered Kundalini as "Serpent Power".
Western awareness of the idea of Kundalini was strengthened by the Theosophical Society and the interest of the psychoanalyst Carl Jung (1875-1961). "Jung's seminar on Kundalini yoga, presented to the Psychological Club in Zurich in 1932, has been widely regarded as a milestone in the psychological understanding of Eastern thought. Kundalini yoga presented Jung with a model for the development of higher consciousness, and he interpreted its symbols in terms of the process of individuation".
In the early '30s two Italian scholars, Tommaso Palamidessi and Julius Evola, published several books with the intent of re-interpreting alchemy with reference to yoga. Those works had an impact on modern interpretations of Alchemy as a mystical science. In those works, Kundalini is called an Igneous Power or Serpentine Fire .
Another popularizer of the concept of Kundalini among Western readers was Gopi Krishna. His autobiography is entitled Kundalini—The Evolutionary Energy in Man . According to June McDaniel, his writings have influenced Western interest in kundalini yoga. Swami Sivananda produced an English language manual of Kundalini Yoga methods. Other well-known spiritual teachers who have made use of the idea of kundalini include Osho, George Gurdjieff, Paramahansa Yogananda, Rudi (Swami Rudrananda), Yogi Bhajan and Nirmala Srivastava (Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi).
Kundalini references may commonly be found at present in a wide variety of derivative "New Age" presentations, and is a catchword that has been adopted by many new religious movements. However, some commentators, such as transpersonal psychologist Stuart Sovatsky, thinks that the association of Yogic sanskrit terminology (chakras, kundalini, mantras, etc.) with the superficiality of new-age rhetoric, has been unfortunate .
Recently, there has been a growing interest within the medical community to study the physiological effects of meditation, and some of these studies have applied the discipline of Kundalini Yoga to their clinical settings . Their findings are not all positive. Some modern experimental research seeks to establish links between Kundalini practice and the ideas of Wilhelm Reich and his followers.
However, the intensive spiritual practices associated with some Asian traditions are not without their problems. Psychiatric literature notes that " Since the influx of eastern spiritual practices and the rising popularity of meditation starting in the 1960s, many people have experienced a variety of psychological difficulties, either while engaged in intensive spiritual practice or spontaneously ". Among the psychological difficulties associated with intensive spiritual practice we find "kundalini awakening","a complex physio-psychospiritual transformative process described in the yogic tradition" . Also, researchers in the fields of Transpersonal psychology, and Near-death studies describe a complex pattern of sensory, motor, mental and affective symptoms associated with the concept of Kundalini, sometimes called the Kundalini Syndrome.
See also
Notes
- ^ For kundalini as "corporeal energy" see: Flood (1996), p. 96.
- ^ a b Flood (1996), p. 99.
- ^ Harper et al. (2002), p. 94
- ^ McDaniel (2004), p. 103
- ^ Scotton (1996), p. 261-262.
- ^ Kundalini Yoga: http://www.siddhashram.org/kundalini.shtml
- ^ Kundalini Yoga from Swami Sivanandha: http://www.experiencefestival.com/kundalini
- ^ Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda, The hidden power in humans, Ibera Verlag, pages 47, 48, 49. ISBN 3-85052-197-4
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 122.
- ^ Monier-Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary . p. 380. (Motilal-Banardidass: Delhi). Cf.
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 96.
- ^ Svatmarama, english translation, 1992
- ^ Princeton University Press, Book description to C. G Jung - "The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga", 1999
- ^ Palamidessi Tommaso, Alchimia come via allo Spirito , ed. EGO, 1948 Turin
- ^ Krishna, Gopi (1971) Kundalini: the evolutionary energy in man. Boulder, Colorado: Shambhala
- ^ For quotation "Western interest at the popular level in kundalini yoga was probably most influenced by the writings of Gopi Krishna, in which kundalini was redefined as chaotic and spontaneous religious experience." see: McDaniel, p. 280.
- ^ Sovatsky, pg. 160
- ^ Lazar et al. (2000)
- ^ Cromie (2002)
- ^ Rudra, Kundalini (1993 in German)
- ^ a b Turner et al.,pg. 440
- ^ Scotton (1996)
- ^ Kason (2000)
- ^ Greyson (2000)
References
- Cromie, William J. Research: Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Gazette, 18 April 2002
- Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism . (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996). ISBN 0-521-43878-0
- Greyson, Bruce (2000) Some Neuropsychological Correlates Of The Physio-Kundalini Syndrome . The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, Vol.32, No. 2
- Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots of Tantra . Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5306-5.
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