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Texas (
/ˈtɛksəs/ (help·info) ) is a state in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State . It is bordered by Mexico to the south, New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km 2 ), and with a growing population of 24.6 million residents. Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while Dallas–Fort Worth is the largest metropolitan area in the state and the fourth-largest in the nation. Other major cities include San Antonio, El Paso, and Austin—the state capital.
Texas contains diverse landscapes, resembling in places both the Deep South and the Southwest. Traveling from east to west, one can observe piney woods and semi-forests of oak and cross timbers, rolling plains and prairie, rugged hills, and finally the desert of the Big Bend. The phrase "everything is bigger in Texas" derives in part from the state's geographic sprawl and the wide open spaces of its desert and prairie regions. Due to its long history as a center of the American cattle industry, Texas is associated throughout much of the world with the image of the cowboy.
Historically and culturally, Texas is usually considered part of the American South. However, with its Spanish and Mexican roots, and the topography and Southwestern vegetation generally west of a Fort Worth to Corpus Christi line, it can also be classified as part of the American Southwest. While residents acknowledge these categories, many claim an independent "Texan" identity superseding regional labels.
The term "six flags over Texas" comes from the multiple countries that have claimed the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short lived colony in Texas. Mexico owned the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. The state's annexation helped set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. Texas seceded from the United States in early 1861, joining the Confederate States of America on March 2, 1861.
In the early 1900s, oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. Texas has since economically diversified. It has a growing base in high technology, biomedical research and higher education. Its gross state product is the second-highest in the nation.
History
Main article: History of TexasPre-European era
The word Texas is derived from táysha , a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means "allies" or "friends". Scholars estimate that humans have lived in Texas for approximately 11,200 years. The Paleoamericans that lived in Texas in the Pleistocene era (between 9200 – 6000 B.C.) may have links to Clovis and Folsom cultures; these nomadic people hunted mammoths and bison latifrons using atlatls. They extracted flint in the region of Alibates Flint of North Texas.
Despite the extinction of giant mammals along with climate change during the archaic period, Texas experienced population growth, beginning at the 3rd millennium BC. Many pictograms drawn on the walls of the caves or on rocks are visible in the State, including at Hueco Tanks and Seminole Canyon.
Native Americans in what's now Texas began to settle in villages shortly after 500 B.C., farming and building the first burial mounds. This phase of history is due to the influence the Mound Builders civilizations that lived in the Mississippi basin. The Caddo nation was formed between 500 and 800 while the Trans-Pecos populations were influenced by Mogollon culture.
From the eighth century, the bow and arrow appeared in the region, manufacture of pottery developed and Native Americans increasingly depended on bison for survival. Obsidian objects found in various Texan sites attest of trade with present days Mexico and Rocky Mountains.
Among the Native Americans that lived in Texas before European colonization were the: Alabama, Apache, Aranama, Atakapa, Caddo, Comanche, Coahuiltecan, Cherokee, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa and Wichita.
Colonization
Main articles: French Texas, Spanish Texas, and Mexican TexasThe first document in Texas history was a map of the Gulf Coast created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda. Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca became the first known European in Texas. For over a century, Texas was essentially ignored by European powers. It was settled accidentally in 1685, when miscalculations by René Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in the establishement of French colony Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River. The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.
Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed a threat to New Spain, initiated settlement activities in 1690 with the construction of several missions in East Texas. After resistance from the native tribes, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico, abandoning Texas for the next two decades. France began settling Louisiana, and in response in 1716 Spanish authorities established a new series of missions in East Texas. Two years later, San Antonio was established as the first Spanish civilian settlement in Texas.
Hostile native tribes and remoteness from New Spain discouraged settlers from moving to Texas, leaving it one of New Spain's least populated provinces. In 1749, the Spanish signed a peace treaty with the Lipan Apache; this angered the enemies of the Apache, including the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai tribes. The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785 and later assisted in defeating the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes. An increased number of missions in the province allowed for a peaceful conversion of other tribes, and by the end of the 1700s only a few nomadic tribes were not Christianized.
When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1801, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819. Many American citizens refused to recognize the agreement, and several filibusters raised armies to invade Texas. In 1821, following the Mexican War of Independence, Texas became part of the new country of Mexico. Due to its low population, Texas was denied independent statehood, and instead became part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas.
Authorities in Mexican Texas had neither manpower nor funds to protect settlers from near-constant Comanche raids. In the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the Indian raids, the government liberalized its immigration policies for the region, and for the first time settlers from the United States were permitted to immigrate to Mexico. Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to empresarios , who would recruit settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. Texas grew rapidly, from a population of approximately 3,500 (primarily of Mexican descent) in 1825 to approximately 37,800 (only 7,800 of Mexican descent) in 1834.
Many new settlers to Texas openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. This, combined with several attempts by the United States to purchase Texas, convinced Mexican authorities that immigration should be halted. In 1830 Mexico officially outlawed further immigration from the United States to Texas. The new laws, which also called for the enforcement of customs duties, angered both native Mexican citizens ( Tejanos ) as well as recent immigrants. In 1832, a group of men led a revolt against customs enforcement in Anahauc. These Anahuac Disturbances coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the current president. Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas. Texians took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom, resulting in the Convention of 1832, which, among other issues, requested independent statehood for Texas. The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833. After presenting their petition, courier Stephen F. Austin was jailed for the next two years in Mexico City on suspicion of treason.
Republic
Main articles: Texas Revolution and Republic of TexasWithin Mexico, tensions continued between proponents of a federalist system and those that wanted a more centralized government. In early 1835, wary colonists in Texas began forming Committees of Correspondence and Safety. The vague unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales. This launched the Texas Revolution, and over the next two months, the Texians successfully defeated all Mexican troops in the region. Texians el
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