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Further information: Espresso

An espresso machine is used to produce the traditional Italian coffee beverage called espresso.

Types of espresso machines

Since their invention in 1901, multiple machine designs have been created to produce espresso. Several machines share some common elements. The portafilter (or group handle ) contains a metal filter-basket and holds the ground coffee. It is locked under the group head's diffusion block.

Varying the fineness of the grind, the amount of pressure used to tamp the grinds, or the pump pressure itself can be used to vary the taste of the espresso. Some baristas pull espresso shots directly right into a pre-heated demitasse cup or shot glass, to maintain a higher temperature of the espresso.

An espresso machine may also have a steam wand which is used to steam and froth milk for beverages such as the cappuccino and latte.

Steam-driven

A steam-driven unit operates by forcing water through the coffee by using steam or steam pressure. The first espresso machines were steam types, produced when a common boiler was piped to four group heads so that multiple types of coffee could be made at the same time. The design is still used today in low-cost consumer machines, as it does not need to contain moving parts. Many low-cost steam-driven units are sold in combination with a drip-coffee machine.

Piston-driven

The piston, or lever, driven machine was developed in Italy in 1945 by Achille Gaggia, founder of espresso machine manufacturer Gaggia. The design generically uses a lever, pumped by the operator, to pressurize hot water and send it through the coffee grinds. The act of producing a shot of espresso is colloquially termed pulling a shot, because these lever-style espresso machines required pulling a long handle to produce a shot.

There are two types of lever machines; manual piston and spring piston design. With the manual piston, the operator directly pushes the water through the grounds. In the spring piston design, the operator works to tension a spring, which then delivers the pressure for the espresso (usually 8 to 10 bar).

Pump-driven

A refinement of the piston machine is the pump-driven machine, which has become the most popular design in commercial espresso bars. Instead of using manual force, a motor-driven pump provides the force necessary for espresso brewing. Commercial or some high-end home machines are often attached directly to the plumbing of the site; lower-end home machines have built-in water reservoirs.

Some home pump espresso machines typically use a single chamber both for heating water to brewing temperature, and to boil water for steaming milk. Since the temperature for brewing coffee is sometimes less than the temperature for creating steam, the machine requires time to make the transition from one mode to the other. Commercial-grade and "semi-commercial" high end home espresso machines use the boiler chamber only for making steam. Water for brewing most commonly passes through a heat exchanger (taking some heat from the steam, without rising to the same temperature). In a few commercial espresso machines (notably La Marzocco), water for brewing is heated in a separate chamber.

Variations

Semi-automatic, automatic, and super automatic

Machines which contain the addition of pumps, sensors, valves, and grinders to automate the brewing process generally are referred to as automatic.

• Semi-automatic machines are automatic in the sense water is delivered by a pump, rather than manual force and remaining brew pressure in the basket is dissipated with a three way valve.
• Automatic machines add a flowmeter inline with the grouphead. When the programmed amount of water has flowed through the flowmeter, the pump is automatically turned off and brew pressure released through a three way solenoid valve.
• Super-automatic machines operate by automatically grinding the coffee, tamping it, and extracting; all an operator needs to do is fill the bean hopper, and if the machine is not connected to a water line, add water to a reservoir. Additionally, models contain an automated milk frothing and dispensing device.

Air-pressure driven

A handpresso is a small handheld high-pressure espresso machine. It works by pumping air at very high pressure (16 bar) into an intermediate chamber. Hot water is then poured into a small reservoir, which can contain hot water for one cup of espresso coffee (45ml). Ground coffee is inserted on top of the water reservoir and a portafilter is screwed on the top of the water reservoir. The machine is now turned around and the pressure from the intermediate chamber is released into the water reservoir. The high pressure forces the water through the coffee pod and into the cup, which is positioned underneath the device. When the desired amount of espresso coffee is brewed, the pressure is released from the water reservoir and the infusion process stops.

The advantages of the handpresso are that it can be used to make a real high-pressure espresso with the characteristic crema, wherever hot water is available. The Handpresso was invented and designed by Nielsen Innovation in 2006 and the first products were sold in 2007.

Stove top

Main article: Moka pot

Moka pots, sometimes referred to as stove top espresso makers, produce coffee with an extraction ratio similar to that of a conventional espresso machine. The bottom chamber contains the water. The middle chamber is a filter-basket and sits within the bottom chamber holding the ground coffee. The top chamber, with a metal filter, screws onto the bottom chamber. When the pot is heated on a stove, the pressure from the steam in the bottom chamber forces the water through a tube into the filter-basket, through the ground coffee, the metal filter, and it then funnels into the top chamber where the coffee is then ready to serve. Depending on bean variety and grind selection, Moka pots can create the same foam emulsion known as crema that conventional espresso machines can. They are commonly found in Italy, Spain and Portugal. They are also known as a macchinetta, Italian for "little machine".

See also

• Espresso
• Coffee
• Coffeemaker
• Espresso bar

References

1. ^ ^{a b} An espresso timeline

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